Sep 05, 2017 a total of 43 filovirus outbreak occurrence points 30 for evd outbreak and for mvd outbreak were used for this prediction model supporting information s1 file. The ebola virus and other deadly filoviridae viruses. Infection can be potentially fatal and operating room personnel nurses, surgeons, technicians, and anesthesia staff all need to be aware of patients with possible or confirmed ebola infection. Disease onset is sudden, with fever, chills, headache, myalgia, and anorexia. Since then, sporadic cases of marburg hemorrhagic fever in man have occurred in kenya and zimbabwe. An international team of ecologists has identified the bat species with the greatest potential to harbor filovirusesa family that includes ebola virus. The average ebola case fatality rate is around 50%. Singlenucleotide polymorphisms in human npc1 influence. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of. Usually, at the beginning of these infections, the affected.
Llov is genetically distinct from other marburgviruses and ebolaviruses and is the first filovirus detected in europe that was not imported from an endemic area in africa. The largest and most complex outbreak of ebola virus disease was reported in three west african countries guinea, liberia and sierra leone. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. Here, we propose a hypothesis of the evolutionary history of ebola virus which will be helpful to investigate the molecular evolution of these viruses. Author summary ebola virus disease evd and marburg virus disease mvd are caused by a family of viruses known as filoviruses. Ebolarelated filovirus infection in nonhuman primates. Recommendations for care of patients with suspected or confirmed filovirus ebola, marburg haemorrhagic fever are. Although ebola virus has yet to be isolated from a bat, pcr data and epidemiological studies again implicate these animals. We identified previously undescribed sites within the ebov and marvang mrnas where apparent cotranscriptional editing has resulted in the. These workers had been exposed to tissues and blood from african green monkeys cercopithecus aethiops imported from uganda and infected with marburg virus. Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples log in dictionary.
Congenital and pediatric ebola virus disease evd and marburg virus disease. Marburg virus and ebola virus were detected in bats in africa. The virus was named after marburg, germany, the site of one of the outbreaks. The names ebola virus disease or marburg virus disease are now preferred by the world health organization who and some other groups. Any of a family of filamentous singlestranded rna viruses, including the ebola and marburg viruses, that cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans and other. Personal protective equipment in the context of filovirus. During outbreak response and assessment, we identi. Infections of bats with the ebolaviruses and marburgviruses do not appear to be associated with disease.
Oct 20, 2011 a novel filovirus, provisionally named lloviu virus llov, was detected during the investigation of miniopterus schreibersii dieoffs in cueva del lloviu in southern europe. The zaire ebolavirus data set consisted of 22 ebola virus wholegenome sequences. Inves tigators have identified 4 species of ebola viruszaire ebolavirus zebov, sudan. Ebolareston is the only known filovirus that does not cause severe disease in humans. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees.
Oct 02, 2009 this file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. Ecologists identify potential new sources of ebola and. Filoviruses cause a severe hemorrhagic fever in human and nonhuman primates. Interim infection prevention and control guidance for care of. Outbreaks of filoviral hemorrhagic fever documented by virus isolation. When they occur, they cause high lethality among infected people, which causes panic to the population, as well as interfering with the health care delivery system, especially in developing countries. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. High quality evidence for protecting mucous membranes compared to no protection. Here, we propose a hypothesis of the evolutionary history of ebola virus which will be helpful. Filoviruses were first discovered in 1967 as the causative agents of a hemorrhagic fever outbreak among laboratory workers in europe. Filovirus definition of filovirus by medical dictionary. Ebola virus disease and marburg disease in pregnancy. Ebov, is one of six known species within the genus ebolavirus. Chimpanzee adenovirus vector ebola vaccine preliminary.
Filoviruses, which include ebola ebov and marburg marv, are a serious potential threat to public health. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Lsectin is coexpressed with dcsignr and cd23 and binds to ebola virus, filovirus glycoproteins, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and, to the sprotein of sars coronavirus but does not interact with hiv1 and hepatitis c 108. Structure of the ebola virus glycoprotein spike within the. Numerous cases of marburg virus disease have been noted in humans after exposure to batinfested caves and mines, and marburg virus has been isolated from egyptian fruit bats towner et al. The genera ebolavirus and marburgvirus were originally classified as the species of the nowobsolete genus filovirus. These viruses are transmitted by direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected persons. Filovirus definition and meaning collins english dictionary. It has been in use for more than 30 years and is the generally accepted assay used to titrate virus in samples from animals treated with a.
Rollin 1viral special pathogens branch, 2epidemic intelligence service program, and 3global aids program, the. Care of patients with suspected or confirmed filovirus ebola, marburg haemorrhagic fever. Molecular evolution of viruses of the family filoviridae based on 97. Ebola virus and marburg virus have been cultured from ocular aqueous humor at 2 and 3 months after disease onset, respectively. Surgical protocol for possible or confirmed ebola cases.
Ebola virus has caused the majority of human deaths from evd, and was the cause of the. Studying pediatric survivors of the 20142016 west africa evd outbreak will. A plaque assay for quantitating filoviruses in virus stocks, prepared viral challenge inocula and samples from research animals has recently been fully characterized and standardized for use across multiple institutions performing biosafety level 4 bsl4 studies. It is known that proteolytically digested ebola virus ebov gp interacts with 2 protruding loops in domain c of npc1. In march 1998, the vertebrate virus subcommittee proposed in the international committee on taxonomy of viruses ictv to change the genus filovirus to the family filoviridae with two specific genera. Reston is the only filovirus that does not cause severe disease in humans, though can. In addition, traditional healers have been implicated in the spread of both ebola and marburg viruses through the use of unsterilized blades or needles 11, 12. Here, we present evidence for a pan filovirus polyclonal antibody response in a subset of congolese ebola virus disease evd survivors 1 year after initial infection, during the 2014 outbreak in boende, located in the equator province of the democratic republic of the congo drc. The filovirus plaque assay serves as the assay of choice to measure infectious virus in a cell culture, blood, or homogenized tissue sample. So far, three genera of this virus family have been identified. Validation of the filovirus plaque assay for use in.
Deep sequencing identifies noncanonical editing of ebola. Ebola is a filovirus belonging to the virus fa mily called filoviridae from the latin, filum meaning thread the only other member of this virus family is marburg virus which causes a similar illness. The viruses encode their own rnadependent rna polymerase, which recognizes the encapsidated negativestrand rna genome as a template for replication and transcription. Filovirus definition of filovirus by the free dictionary. Marburg virus disease an overview sciencedirect topics. Using several immunological measures, we determined that a. Supplement article filovirus outbreak detection and surveillance.
This lesson will delve into some exotic, but utterly deadly diseases attributed to viruses of the filoviridae family. Alternative spelling of ebolaebola, ebola virus, ebola fever. Zaire ebolavirus, more commonly known as ebola virus i. Here we report identification in dead insectivorous bats of a genetically distinct filovirus, provisionally named lloviu virus, after the site of detection, cueva del lloviu, in spain.
Interim infection prevention and control guidance for care. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. A novel filovirus, provisionally named lloviu virus llov, was detected during the investigation of miniopterus schreibersii dieoffs in cueva del lloviu in southern europe. Most previous outbreaks of marburg and ebola virus infections have originated in subsaharan central and west africa. These symptoms may be followed by abdominal pain, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, cough, arthralgia, diarrhea, and pharyngeal and conjunctival vasodilitation. Ebola hemorrhagic fever was first reported from northern zaire and southern sudan in 1976. Niemannpick c1 npc1, a host receptor involved in the envelope glycoprotein gpmediated entry of filoviruses into cells, is believed to be a major determinant of cell susceptibility to filovirus infection. All health workers should use either a face shield or goggles while providing clinical care for patients with filovirus disease in order to prevent virus exposure. After standardization studies were completed, good laboratory practices glpcompliant plaque assay method validation studies to. Writing in plos neglected tropical diseases, they suggest that areas where many of these species overlap, notably in southeast asia, should be targeted for disease surveillance and virus discovery efforts.
Here, we present evidence for a panfilovirus polyclonal antibody response in a subset of congolese ebola virus disease evd survivors 1 year after initial infection, during the 2014 outbreak in boende, located in the equator province of the democratic republic of the congo drc. The first filovirus was recognized in 1967 when a number of laboratory workers in germany and yugoslavia, who were handling tissues from green monkeys, developed hemorrhagic fever. Viral hemorrhagic fevers chapter 4 2020 yellow book. These filovirus occurrence points represent households in villages where confirmed cases were residing. Marburg and ebola virus infections infectious diseases. It has been in use for more than 30 years and is the generally accepted assay used to titrate virus in samples from animals treated with a potential antiviral therapeutic or vaccine. The episodes documented in virginia and pennsylvania are the first known instances of ebola related filovirus infection in imported primates in the united states. Reston is the only filovirus that does not cause severe disease in humans, though can still be fatal in monkeys.
Ebola virus rna has been detected in breast milk up to 21 days after the onset of the disease and in vaginal secretions up to 33 days after onset. Ods filovirus gp1, 2 and their derivative antibodies are promising for research and development of rdts for evd, with potential for extension to detect mvd. The ebola virus is a filovirus that can be passed from person to person through direct contact with blood or other bodily fluids. Ebola reston is the only known filovirus that does not cause severe disease in humans. Ebola disease ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Ebola virus is a filovirus with a 19kb, nonsegmented, negativestrand rna genome that encodes seven viral proteins. Filovirus transcription and replication 517 the filoviral nucleocapsid proteins np, vp35, l, vp30, and vp24 not only package the viral genome, they are also involved in viral rna.
Deep sequencing identifies noncanonical editing of ebola and. Ebola is a filovirus belonging to the virus fa mily called. Differential transcriptional responses to ebola and. Ebola spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc. Unfortunately, nosocomial transmission has contributed significantly to the spread of filovirus outbreaks 11. Author summary a novel filovirus, provisionally named lloviu virus llov, was detected during the investigation of miniopterus schreibersii dieoffs in cueva del lloviu in southern europe.
Marburgvirus infections ebola and marburg virus disease, ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fever, african hemorrhagic fever in africa. Ebola is caused by infection with a virus of the family filoviridae, genus ebolavirus. The vertical line showing the average lethality of all ebola virus disease outbreaks overlaps with the vertical line showing the average lethality of all filovirus disease outbreaks and the. Filovirus replication and transcription take place in the cytoplasm of the infected cells. Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. Knowledge and attitude towards ebola and marburg virus. Most species of ebolaviruses and the only known species of marburgvirus occur. We identified previously undescribed sites within the ebov and marvang mrnas where apparent cotranscriptional editing has resulted in the addition of non. Ebola is a highly infectious disease caused by a filovirus ebola virus, whose normal host species is unknown. Four of the six known ebolaviruses, including ebov, cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and other mammals, known as ebola virus disease evd. It also includes some instructions and directions for those managing the implementation. Ebola and marburg virus disease epidemics preparedness, alert. Panfilovirus serum neutralizing antibodies in a subset of. This file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it.
Ebola, previously known as ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the ebola virus strains. Discovery of an ebolaviruslike filovirus in europe ana negredo1. These included samples from outbreaks in the democratic republic of. Chimpanzee adenovirus vector ebola vaccine preliminary report. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever. We used ecologic niche modeling of outbreaks and sporadic cases of filovirus associated hemorrhagic fever hf to provide a largescale perspective on the geographic and ecologic distributions of ebola and marburg viruses. A total of 31 cases and 7 deaths were associated with these outbreaks. Two members of the family that are commonly known are ebola virus and marburg virus. The unprecedented outbreak of ebola in west africa resulted in over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths, underlining the need for a better understanding of the biology of. A total of 43 filovirus outbreak occurrence points 30 for evd outbreak and for mvd outbreak were used for this prediction model supporting information s1 file.
Filovirus, any virus belonging to the family filoviridae. Identity and validity of conserved b cell epitopes of. Filoviruses belong to a virus family called filoviridae and can cause severe. Deep sequencing of rnas produced by zaire ebolavirus ebov or the angola strain of marburgvirus marvang identified novel viral and cellular mechanisms that diversify the coding and noncoding sequences of viral mrnas and genomic rnas. Spread to other areas, when it occurs, has usually resulted from travelers returning from africa. Filoviruses belong to a virus family called filoviridae and can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Benedetta allegranzi who service delivery and safety, health systems and innovation, geneva, switzerland jean christophe aze who global capacities, alert and response, health security and environment, geneva, switzerland. Once in the body, ebola is adept at disarming the immune system and then rapidly destroying the vascular system. Fievre hemorra gique a virus ebola fiche technique. Numerous infectious agents, including other filoviruses, with a range of pathogenic potential may be circulating in africa, asia, and other parts of the world.
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